Vooraanstaande Nederlandse juristen gespecialiseerd in internationaal recht in gesprek met christelijke Palestijnse vluchtelingen uit Ma'lul die niet meer terug mogen naar hun dorp. Op de achtergrond hun kapotte kerkgebouw, daarachter weer op hun land een mijnenveld en een munitie-opslagplaats van de Israelische strijdkrachten. Voor hen bestaat het recht op terugkeer niet, terwijl ze toch ingezetenen zijn van Israel, maar in het surrealistische jargon van het zionistisch regime officieel gecategoriseerd zijn als 'aanwezige afwezigen'. Alleen joden waar dan ook ter wereld mogen terug naar 'het beloofde land' en behoren tot de groep aanwezige afwezigen. Zo wordt minister Rosenthal door Israel ook gezien. Joden horen volgens de zionisten in Israel thuis en niet in hun eigen land.
'Wij willen weerstand bieden aan Israël-bashing, we willen investeren in de relatie met Israël,'
aldus de joods Nederlandse minister van Buiten Zaken Uri Rosenthal.
Meneer Uri Rosenthal, kan men de geschiedenis negeren? Kan men de holocaust vergeten? Zo nee, waarom zouden de Palestijnen die massaal verdreven zijn in 1948 de Nakba kunnen vergeten?
From Refugees To Citizens At Home 2.Ethnic Cleansing Plan
Getting rid of the native inhabitants of Palestine has long been one of the tenets of Zionism. 1 It was clearly spelled out by Yosef Weitz, the head of the Transfer Committee and the chief of land-confiscation operations. As early as 1940, he proposed an ethnic cleansing plan: “The only solution is to transfer the Arabs from here to neighbouring countries. Not a single village or a single tribe must be left.” 2
Plan Dalet was designed to “occupy...expel” 3 the Palestinian people. It was David Ben-Gurion’s doctrine that the destruction of the Palestinian people and their cultural and physical landscape was the precondition for creating the state of Israel on its ruins. 4 The systematic elimination of the Palestinians in 1948 took the following forms:
2.1 Military Plans for Jewish Settlement
As early as January 1948, four months before the official war began, the Zionists prepared plans for the settlement of 1.5 million new immigrants over and above the existing 600,000 Jews, two-thirds of whom were themselves recent immigrants under the British Mandate. During the Jewish military operations that followed the UN partition resolution of November 1947 and before the end of the British Mandate, more than half of the Palestinian refugees were expelled. The settlement agencies headed by the Jewish National Fund (JNF) directed the military attacks to acquire coveted land, such as the villages of Indur, Qumiya, Ma’lul, Mujaidil and Buteimat in Galilee, which were destroyed primarily to grab their land. 5
2.2 Physical Elimination of the Refugees
Almost every one of the thirty-odd Zionist/Israeli military operations was accompanied by a massacre of civilians. There were at least thirty-five reported massacres, 6 half of which took place before any Arab regular soldier set foot in Palestine. The most notorious of these massacres is Deir Yassin, the largest is Dawayma, and the latest disclosed by an Israeli researcher, Teddy Katz, but known to Palestinians all along, is Tantoura.
Shooting of civilians was not restricted to wartime. After the fighting ceased, some of the refugees tried to return home to rescue civilians left behind, to retrieve some belongings or to attend to crops or cattle. These returnees were shot on the spot as “infiltrators.” The UN truce observers reported hundreds of such cases. 7
2.3 Plunder and Destruction of Property
Plunder took place in the immediate aftermath of military assaults, especially in cities such as Haifa, Jaffa, Lydda, and Jerusalem. The looters included nearby kibbutzniks, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) brigade commanders and the high-ranking political figures of the ruling Mapai (Labor) party. 8 There followed a massive campaign of destruction, which lasted over fifteen years and in which 53 percent of the 418 villages surveyed were totally destroyed and 44.5 percent partially destroyed. 9 The clear aim of this destruction was to prevent the return of the refugees.
2.4 Political Action
Soon after the state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948 and following the protest of UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte, who witnessed, by June 1948, the expulsion of about 500,000 refugees, the Provisional Government of Israel stated that it could not allow any refugees to return before a peace treaty was signed, on the pretext that these refugees would be a “security threat.” Even after the fighting stopped, Israel refused to re-admit the refugees, and it maintains this position in the international arena to this day. It does so even though Israel’s admission to the UN in May 1949 was unique in that it is the only UN member whose admittance is “conditional” upon the return of refugees (Resolution 194) and withdrawal to the lines of the partition plan (Resolution 181). 10
2.5 Creation of a Fictitious Legal Web to Mask Illegal Confiscation
Before, during and after the 1948 war, Israel/Zionists resorted to many pseudo-legal devices to organize and justify the confiscation of 18,700 square kilometres (92 percent of Israel) of Palestinian land, in addition to the property found in 530 depopulated towns and villages. The property was held by the Custodian of the Absentee (i.e., refugee) Property and transferred later to the Development Authority. All such land, as well as JNF holdings, is now administered by the Israel Land Administration (ILA). According to Israel, the “Absentee” is a Palestinian refugee not allowed by Israel to return. The term also applies to Palestinian citizens of Israel, who are not “Absent,” hence dubbed “Present Absentees”; much of their land has also been confiscated. 11
2.6 Importing of Jewish Immigrants to Fill the Depopulated Villages
Immediately upon the invasion of Palestinian villages, Israel activated its program of sending Mossad agents to transport Jews in Arab countries to Israel. The immigrants were persuaded by a mixture of rosy promises, incentives, and, for the reluctant ones, various acts of coercion, including throwing grenades at their houses.12 About 700,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in the period 1949-52. Many of them were unhappy about the discriminatory treatment they received at the hands of the ruling Ashkenazi. Their resentment is still strong today.
All these actions were designed to prevent the return of refugees to their homes. While Israel was successful in preventing their return, the refugees remained adamant in their intention to return. They could often see their old homes across the barbed wire of the armistice line; indeed, most refugees still reside within a two-hour bus ride of their homes. After their expulsion during al Nakba of 1948, the problem for Israel thus became how to get rid of the refugees themselves, wherever they may be in exile.
Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, The Institute for Palestine Studies, (Washington, DC, 1992). Central Zionist Archives, Weitz Diary, A 246/7 entry for December 20, 1940, pp 1090-91. More explicit statements are found in the unedited manuscript of the Weitz Diary. Cited in Nur Masalha, “An Israeli Plan to Transfer Galilee’s Christians to South America: Yosef Weitz and ‘Operation Yohanan’ 1949-1953,” Center for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, Occasional Paper No. 55, 1996. W. Khalidi, “Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine,” in Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1, Autumn 1988, pp. 3-70. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949 (Cambridge, 1987). Michael Palumbo, The Palestinian Catastrophe (London, 1987). Nur Masalha, A Land without People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians 1949–1996, Faber and Faber (London, 1997). For various instances of ethnic cleansing, destruction of villages and land confiscation, see Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land (Berkeley, 2000, pp. 102 – 209). S. Abu Sitta, “The Palestinian Nakba 1948: The Register of Depopulated Localities in Palestine,” The Palestinian Return Center, London, 2nd edition, 2000, pp. 16-20. UN Archives 13/3.3.1 Box 11, Atrocities; S. Abu Sitta, “Jewish Carnage Policy Aimed to Evacuate the Galilee Palestinians as Mentioned in the UN Truce Observers Reports in 1948,” al Hayat (London), February 6, 2000, p. 10. Ben-Gurion War Diary, entries for February 10, May 1, June 17 and July 15, 1948; Tom Segev, The First Israelis-1949 (Arabic trans.), Institute for Palestine Studies, 1986, pp. 86-88, 98; Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 165. Ghazi Falah, “The 1948 Israeli-Palestinian War and Its Aftermath: The Transformation and De-Signification of Palestine’s Cultural Landscape,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, June 1996, Vol. 86, No. 2. UN RESOLUTION No. 273 (III) of 11 May 1949 states: “Recalling its resolution of 29 November 1947 [No. 181, the Partition Plan] and 11 December 1948 [No. 194, the refugees’ repatriation] and taking note of the [Israeli] declarations … in respect of the implementations of the said resolutions…,” Israel was admitted to the UN. See detailed discussion of UN resolutions regarding the Right of Return in W.T. Mallison and S.V. Mallison, “The Right of Return,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 9, No. 125, Spring 1980, pp. 125-36. See the full version of the paper in: “An International Law Analysis of the Major UN Resolutions Concerning the Palestine Question,” UN Doc. ST/SG/SER.F/4, UN Sales #E. 79.I.19 (1979). See also Kathleen Lawand, “The Right of Return of Palestinians in International Law,” International Journal of Refugee Law 4 (1996). For full review of the literature on The Right of Return, see Gail J. Boling, “Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis”, Badil brief No. 8, January 2001, and Badil Occasional Bulletin No. 5, April 2001, Badil Resource Center, Bethlehem, Palestine. S. Abu Sitta, “Confiscation of the Palestinian Refugees’ Property and the Denial of Access to Private Property,” Memorandum submitted to the UN Social, Economic and Cultural Rights Committee, BADIL submission, November 14, 2000, Geneva. See John Quigley, Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice (Durham, 1990) and George E. Bisharat, “Land, Law and Legitimacy in Israel and the Occupied Territories,” The American University Law Review, Vol. 43, pp. 467-591. For details of terrorizing Arab Jews by Mossad, see Naeim Giladi, The Link, Vol. 31, Issue 2, April-May 1998, New York; and Marion Woolfson, “Prophets in Babylon: Jews in the Arab World”, Faber and Faber, London and Boston, 1980, pp 186-190. W. Khalidi, “Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine,” in Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1, Autumn 1988, pp. 3-70. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-1949 (Cambridge, 1987). Michael Palumbo, The Palestinian Catastrophe (London, 1987). Ben-Gurion War Diary, entries for February 10, May 1, June 17 and July 15, 1948; Tom Segev, The First Israelis-1949 (Arabic trans.), Institute for Palestine Studies, 1986, pp. 86-88, 98; Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 165. UN RESOLUTION No. 273 (III) of 11 May 1949 states: “Recalling its resolution of 29 November 1947 [No. 181, the Partition Plan] and 11 December 1948 [No. 194, the refugees’ repatriation] and taking note of the [Israeli] declarations … in respect of the implementations of the said resolutions…,” Israel was admitted to the UN. See detailed discussion of UN resolutions regarding the Right of Return in W.T. Mallison and S.V. Mallison, “The Right of Return,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 9, No. 125, Spring 1980, pp. 125-36. See the full version of the paper in: “An International Law Analysis of the Major UN Resolutions Concerning the Palestine Question,” UN Doc. ST/SG/SER.F/4, UN Sales #E. 79.I.19 (1979). See also Kathleen Lawand, “The Right of Return of Palestinians in International Law,” International Journal of Refugee Law 4 (1996). For full review of the literature on The Right of Return, see Gail J. Boling, “Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis”, Badil brief No. 8, January 2001, and Badil Occasional Bulletin No. 5, April 2001, Badil Resource Center, Bethlehem, Palestine. S. Abu Sitta, “Confiscation of the Palestinian Refugees’ Property and the Denial of Access to Private Property,” Memorandum submitted to the UN Social, Economic and Cultural Rights Committee, BADIL submission, November 14, 2000, Geneva. See John Quigley, Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice (Durham, 1990) and George E. Bisharat, “Land, Law and Legitimacy in Israel and the Occupied Territories,” The American University Law Review, Vol. 43, pp. 467-591. For details of terrorizing Arab Jews by Mossad, see Naeim Giladi, The Link, Vol. 31, Issue 2, April-May 1998, New York; and Marion Woolfson, “Prophets in Babylon: Jews in the Arab World”, Faber and Faber, London and Boston, 1980, pp 186-190.
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Ziehier Yoeri Albrecht, die door een jonge journalist van het mediakanaal Left Laser betrapt werd tijdens een privé-onderonsje met twee ...
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