Deze foto is genomen vanuit Perugia richting Assisi dat u daar rechts van het midden aan de voet van de Monte Subasio ziet liggen.
Nu dient men het volgende te weten: de macht kan alleen bestaan zolang er dreiging bestaat of tenminste de schijn ervan. Het beste voor de macht is oorlog, dat legitimeert haar bestaan het best. Al millennia is dit een feit. Zo ook in de Middeleeuwen:
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
Following the unexpected death of the Emperor Henry VI in 1197, the new PopeInnocent III (who was elected in January 1198) had a unique opportunity to enforce the ancient temporal claims of the papacy. He seized control of the Duchy of Spoleto and was strong enough in the summer of 1198 to make a formal progress. He travelled via Spoleto to Perugia, where he reconsecrated the altar of the Duomo that the imperial antipopeCallistus III had apparently consecrated in ca. 1175. He returned to Rome via Todi, from whence he issued a privilege that took Perugia under his protection.
In legal terms, the effect of the papal privilege was to make Perugia immediately subject to the Apostolic See. However, the city retained a great deal of its former independence and its influence over its neighbours. For example, in 1200-1, Perugia (rather than Innocent III) acted as intermediary to end the war between Foligno on the one hand and Spoleto and Spello on the other, staging the reconciliation of Spoleto and Foligno in the piazza in front of the Duomo.
During the rebellion at Assisi that had followed the death of Henry VI, many of the nobles who were driven from the city had found refuge in Perugia. Perugia declared war on Assisi in 1202, ostensibly because its demands for compensation on their behalf went unheeded. Assisi secured the support of a number of the other Umbrian cities, including Nocera, Bevagna and Spello. Nocera switched its allegiance from Assisi to Perugia later in 1202, which brought Gubbio into the fray as an ally of Assisi, but Assisi was nevertheless defeated in the Battle of Collestrada in 1202. (The future St Francis was taken prisoner during this war. He languished in jail in Perugia for a year before his father could ransom him and then returned to Assisi sick and chastened by his ordeal. This experience probably marked the start of his conversion.)
Relations between the cities were further strained in July 1204, when Philip of Swabiaissued an imperial privilege for Assisi from Germany that mirrored the papal privilege that Perugia enjoyed. Philip recognised the liberty of Assisi and promised that he would not make peace with Perugia or with the exiles from Assisi without the consent of its Commune. Since he seemed likely to win the civil war in Germany, many of the exiled nobles of Assisi deemed it prudent to make peace with their native city. Assisi retook Nocera in 1204 and the war between Perugia and Assisi gave way to an uneasy peace.
In the time of the Podestà Giovanni di Guido del Papa (1205-6), the Commune commissioned a palace between the Duomo and Palazzo Vescovile to house this official and his entourage. This necessitated the acquisition and demolition of properties that belonged to the canons of San Lorenzo. They successfully appealed to Pope Innocent III for the restitution, but decided to accept the situation in return for compensation in 1208.
Gualdo submitted to Perugia in 1208 and gave it the use of Rocca Flea, without any mention of the rights of the papacy
In 1210, Innocent III signed a treaty with Perugia under which it would defend Rome from any attack by Emperor Otto IV. In return, Innocent III confirmed Perugia’s right to elect its own communal officials and agreed that the Commune would be included in any peace negotiations with Otto IV. The fact that Innocent III thereby treated Perugia as an equal rather than as a subject underlined his dire position. Otto IV sacked the Perugian contado shortly afterwards, and he then made a triumphal entry into Assisi. A peace was agreed between the factions of Assisi five days later, in honour of Christ, the Virgin, Otto IV and Duke Diepold of Spoleto. This did not bode well for Perugia, although the danger evaporated in 1212, when Otto IV was forced to return to Germany.
Faction fighting broke out in 1214 between the nobles and popolo of Perugia. [St Francis had predicted this during a sermon that he preached (probably in 1212) in front of the Duomo, during which noisy noble youths did their best to disrupt the proceedings (II Celano 37).] Innocent III presided over the settlement of the conflict, largely to the advantage of the nobles. The bull in which he did so referred specifically to the parties” the “milites” (knights) and “popolo”: the latter were clearly recognisable as an organised political group, but the status of the members of this group is unclear. Later events (see those of 1223 below) suggests that they were principally defined by membership of the guilds of Perugia.
Innocent III died suddenly during a stay in Perugia in 1216. Jacques de Vitry described how he found the Pope’s body there, laid out but unguarded so that robbers had been able to steal its fine clothes. [Jacques de Vitry (ca. 1165-1240) was appointed Bishop of Acre in 1216 and travelled to Perugia in 1216 to be consecrated. He found Innocent III dead there, and was consecrated by Innocent's successor, Pope Honorius III.]
Innocent III was buried in the Duomo of Perugia. In the late 19th century, Pope Leo XIII arranged for his remains to be re-interred in St John Lateran in Rome in a tomb (1891) by Giuseppe Lucchetti that still survives.
Wat de macht van de macht ook legitimeert is een interne vijand en nu we het toch over paus Innocentius III hebben is het volgende belangrijk:
The Crusades
See also: Persecution of Jews in the First Crusade
The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns sanctioned by the Papacy that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. They began as Christian endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and then to maintain the small Christian kingdoms established in the Levant against the Muslim reconquest which eventually overran them.
The mobs accompanying the first Crusade, and particularly the People's Crusade, attacked the Jewish communities in Germany, France, and England, and put many Jews to death. Entire communities, like those of Treves, Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were slain during the first Crusade by a mob army. About 12,000 Jews are said to have perished in the Rhenish cities alone between May and July, 1096. Before the Crusades the Jews had practically a monopoly of trade in Eastern products, but the closer connection between Europe and the East brought about by the Crusades raised up a class of merchant traders among the Christians, and from this time onward restrictions on the sale of goods by Jews became frequent. The religious zeal fomented by the Crusades at times burned as fiercely against the Jews as against the Muslims, though attempts were made by bishops during the First crusade and the papacy during the Second Crusade to stop Jews from being attacked. Both economically and socially the Crusades were disastrous for European Jews. They prepared the way for the anti-Jewish legislation of Pope Innocent III, and formed the turning point in the medieval history of the Jews.
In de islamitische wereld daarentegen leefde joden en Arabieren nagenoeg probleemloos naast elkaar. Er waren geen pogroms en er was al helemaal geen sprake van genocide, beide zijn kenmerkend voor het christendom. De christelijke wereld heeft nu de Arabieren tot de moderne joden uitverkozen. Het filosemitisme is de moderne vorm van het aloude antisemitisme. De macht heeft altijd een interne en externe vijand nodig om haar macht veilig te stellen, en idioten die dit accepteren. Het enige verschil met de Middeleeuwen is dat de aloude wetten zijn geglobaliseerd. De vijand van buitenaf is verder weg. De binnenlandse vijand die woont om de hoek, zoals altijd. Van Perugia naar Assisi is 26 kilometer, van Washington naar Teheran is 10.249 kilometer.
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