Refusing to Take Sides, NPR Takes Sides With Torture Deniers
Blood trails at Abu Ghraib.
National Public Radio, following the lead of the Washington Post (FAIR Blog, 12/9/14) (and in contrast to the New York Times–FAIR Blog, 8/8/14), tries to avoid applying the word "torture" in its own voice to the tortures described in the recent Senate Intelligence Committee report. Here's host Robert Siegel (All Things Considered, 12/9/14):
In the years after 9/11, the CIA conducted harsh interrogations, more brutal and widespread than many realized. And worse, those interrogations did not produce any intelligence that we could use in any significant way to fight terrorism. Those are the conclusions of a report partially released today by the Democratic chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Reactions to what's known as the torture report show a country divided.
NPR correspondent Tamara Keith went on to refer to Sen. Dianne Feinstein discussing "a CIA program that used techniques she says amounted to torture." In her own words, Keith reports that "the CIA program of secret overseas detentions and so-called enhanced interrogation methods began shortly after the September 11 attacks."
Soon enough, "so-called" becomes just what they're called. Says Keith: "The key finding: These enhanced interrogation methods didn't make America safer." When a critic of the report, CIA director John Brennan, is introduced, NPRdescribes the torture whose benefits he touts as "these interrogations."
Alicia Shepard
This is a longstanding practice of NPR's. The network's then-ombud Alicia Shepard made it clear back in 2009 (6/21/09): "NPR decided to not use the term 'torture' to describe techniques such as waterboarding but instead uses 'harsh interrogation tactics,'" she reported:
The problem is that the word torture is loaded with political and social implications for several reasons, including the fact that torture is illegal under US law and international treaties the United States has signed.
Yes–that's why whether or not what the US did to prisoners was torture or not is a vitally important question for journalists to answer. But NPR thinks it can find a way not to answer it. Said Shepard:
I recognize that it's frustrating for some listeners to have NPR not use the word torture to describe certain practices that seem barbaric. But the role of a news organization is not to choose sides in this or any debate. People have different definitions of torture and different feelings about what constitutes torture.
Now, if there's a debate between people who think that waterboarding, forcing people to stand on broken legs, sleep deprivation for up to 180 hours, being shackled to a wall for 17 days, hypothermia to the point of death, "rectal rehydration and feeding," etc. are what are generally and traditionally referred to as torture, and people who don't think those things should be called torture, and you choose not to call them torture–you haven't avoided taking a side. It's pretty obvious which side you've taken, isn't it?
Shepard recognized that some people will be unhappy regardless of how NPRtalks about torture:
It's a no-win case for journalists. If journalists use the words "harsh interrogation techniques," they can be seen as siding with the White House and the language that some US officials, particularly in the Bush administration, prefer. If journalists use the word "torture," then they can be accused of siding with those who are particularly and visibly still angry at the previous administration.
If that's the way they look at it, it's interesting that they chose to side with the Bush administration rather than those "particularly and visibly still angry" at the Bush administration, i.e. dirty hippies.
NPR News' managing editor David Sweeney saw things similarly; Shepard quoted him:
"We understand that no matter what language we use, we risk taking one side or another in this debate," said Sweeney. "To label techniques as 'enhanced' risks minimizing what was done. To call them torture suggests we've taken sides in the debate."
It's something of a word puzzle to figure out what Sweeney means, exactly: No matter what we say, we risk taking sides, but we're going to accept the risk of minimizing what was done, because otherwise it would suggest we've taken sides?
This notion that the goal of journalism is to avoid "taking sides" is troubling; that's how you get reporting that pretends it's an open question whether or not humans are raising the temperature of the planet by putting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. What torture is is not a physical fact like the greenhouse effect, but that doesn't mean it's unknowable; you can talk to historians of torture, specialists in international law, experts on human rights and medicine, and find out whether, say, inserting a plate of pureed food into a prisoner's rectum would typically qualify.
Was John McCain subjected to "harsh interrogations" in Vietnam? (photo: US Army/Jim Greenhill)
Or you can use common sense, which is what NPR does when introducing a supporter of the Senate report: Sen. John McCain is described as "a Republican from Arizona who was tortured during the Vietnam War."
Does the government of Vietnam agree that McCain was tortured? Are there factions in that government that insist he was subjected to legitimate "stress positions," and furthermore his interrogation produced valuable intelligence about the bombing campaign against their country (which, lest we forget, was hundreds of times more deadly than 9/11)? By using the word "tortured" in regards to McCain, isn't NPR taking sides with the US prisoners and against Vietnam?
Or is it simply using the accurate word to describe what is patently torture–the practice it should follow whether it is reporting on the government that helps fund it or not?
In the report, NPR quotes Feinstein, "History will judge us by our commitment to a just society governed by law and the willingness to face an ugly truth." If that's true, history will judge NPR very harshly indeed.
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P.S. Here are excerpts from a piece that NPR's Morning Edition (12/11/14) ran about social science research into perceptions of torture, which was mainly a discussion between NPR host Steve Inskeep and correspondent Shankar Vedantam:
INSKEEP: Americans have talked about torture in different ways, including debating whether to call it torture at all…. Some research suggests this debate is difficult because it affects our sense of our own national identity….
VEDANTAM: …The first response people have when they're told about their own groups carrying out torture is the first response we often have to traumatic situations or situations involving grief, which is we deny the bad thing is actually happened. In the case of torture, this often involves changing the criteria for what's considered torture….
INSKEEP: …The Bush administration years ago argued for calling it enhanced interrogation. Maybe it wasn't quite torture. It was something a little off to the side of torture.
VEDANTAM: That's exactly right. We've had these semantic wrestling matches for several years now–is this technique torture, or is it a stress position?…
The interesting thing here, Steve, is that we do this selectively, we employ these strategies only when it's our group that's responsible.
Clearly, they're talking about NPR. What's not clear to me is whether they quite realized it.
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UPDATE: As Romenesko (12/12/14) points out, NPR's ethics department has been issuing guidance on the use of the word "torture." The first memo, issued August 8, cites a message from then-NPR vice president for news Ellen Weiss, written in November 2009:
Contrary to some commentaries, NPR did not ban the word "torture." Rather, we gave our journalists guidance about how to avoid loaded language about interrogation techniques, realizing that no matter what words are chosen, we risk the appearance of taking one side or another. We asked our staff to avoid using imprecise descriptions that lump all techniques together, and to evaluate the use of the following descriptions, depending on context, including: "harsh" or "extreme" techniques; "enhanced interrogation techniques"; and specific descriptions, such as "controlled drowning." We specifically advised them that they may use the word "torture" when it makes sense in the context of the piece.
Of course NPR did not ban the word "torture"–but it did, according to ombud Alicia Shepard (6/21/09) a few months earlier, decide "to not use the term 'torture' to describe techniques such as waterboarding but instead [use] 'harsh interrogation tactics,'" because "the role of a news organization is not to choose sides in this or any debate."
It's not clear that Weiss was intending to contradict Shepard–whom she echoes with her point about "risk[ing] the appearance of taking one side or another." Weiss's offering of euphemisms like "enhanced interrogation techniques" to use in place of "torture" suggests that she thought situations where referring to "torture" in one's own voice "makes sense in the context of the piece" may be quite limited.
The August 8 memo cites a couple of examples: One is Robert Siegel (All Things Considered, 4/3/14) referring to "a report about the torture of terrorism suspects after 9/11"; another is Tom Gjelten (Weekend Edition, 5/25/14) talking about "the debate over whether torture in some cases has produced valuable information." In both cases the references are meta–not describing government actions directly as "torture," but referring to the subject of a report and a topic of debate, respectively. Still, these indirect references open the way for more explicit labeling of torture as "torture."
A more recent ethics memo headed "Guidance: Effective References to 'Torture'" (12/10/14) includes "examples of how our guidance on use of the word 'torture' has been implemented" that "may be helpful." These include:
- A Newscast report that refers to the "so-called ‘torture report.'"
- Renee Montagne on Morning Edition referring to "what’s come to be known as the ‘torture report’
- Montagne asking a source about specific interrogation techniques: "Do they constitute torture?"
- Audie Cornish paraphrasing on All Things Considered: "You had Sen. John McCain on the Senate floor today saying torture produces more misleading information than actionable intelligence."
None of these examples involve NPR journalists describing torture as torture in their own voice; they're all consistent with Shepard's position that to do so would be "to choose sides in this…debate."
The latest memo from ethics (12/11/14) again encourages euphemisms–"brutal interrogation techniques/brutal interrogations," "interrogation techniques" or simply "interrogations"–though it withdraws "enhanced interrogation techniques," which Weiss had OKed, "unless you're explaining that is the term the CIA uses for the practices it believes were legal." On torture, it says that "the word can be used," but offers specific examples of how this should be done: "saying that 'torture and other harsh [or brutal] methods' were used," or "that detainees were 'in some cases tortured.'" In these formulations, it's acceptable to say that there was torture–so long as you at the same time suggest that other forms of "brutal" interrogations were not torture.
This seems to mesh with the answer Renee Montagne got from her source, former CIA lawyer John Rizzo, who said that "Justice Department legal opinions established the legal lines and legal limits," and that "anything that went beyond those techniques, especially the gruesome ones that you described there, sure they would probably constitute torture." So by referring to "torture and other harsh [or brutal] techniques," you are taking the position of the lawyer who oversaw the CIA's torture program. So much for not choosing sides.
The ethics memos twice refer to the Merriam-Webster definition of "torture" as "the act of causing severe physical pain as a form of punishment or as a way to force someone to do or say something." If NPR on air would use the word "torture" to refer to acts that meet that definition–regardless of who committed the acts–that would be a huge step forward.
FILED UNDER: NPR TAGGED WITH: ALICIA SHEPARD, JOHN MCCAIN, ROBERT SIEGEL, STEVE INSKEEP, TAMARA KEITH, TORTURE
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About Jim Naureckas
Extra! Magazine Editor Since 1990, Jim Naureckas has been the editor of Extra!, FAIR's monthly journal of media criticism. He is the co-author of The Way Things Aren't: Rush Limbaugh's Reign of Error, and co-editor of The FAIR Reader: An Extra! Review of Press and Politics in the '90s. He is also the co-manager of FAIR's website. He has worked as an investigative reporter for the newspaper In These Times, where he covered the Iran-Contra scandal, and was managing editor of the Washington Report on the Hemisphere, a newsletter on Latin America. Jim was born in Libertyville, Illinois, in 1964, and graduated from Stanford University in 1985 with a bachelor's degree in political science. Since 1997 he has been married to Janine Jackson, FAIR's program director. You can follow Jim on Twitter at @JNaureckas.
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