The Allied Intervention In The Russian Civil War 1917-1920: The Myth Of Western Anti-Communism
By Matthew Raphael Johnson
The White armies in the Russian Civil War received not a cent from the west. Not a shell,
not a rifle reached any faction of the White forces from the west. The west was not antiBolshevik.
Furthermore, the western powers actively supported the Red forces during and after
the Civil War. While the western financial and technical support for the building of socialism has
been treated in another paper, it begins with the subject of this one: the western backing of the
Red forces consistently from 1918-1921. The sole and exclusive reason for western intervention
is to ensure that no aid would ever be given to Germany from Russia and that assets owned by
western powers not fall into the hands of Germany.
not a rifle reached any faction of the White forces from the west. The west was not antiBolshevik.
Furthermore, the western powers actively supported the Red forces during and after
the Civil War. While the western financial and technical support for the building of socialism has
been treated in another paper, it begins with the subject of this one: the western backing of the
Red forces consistently from 1918-1921. The sole and exclusive reason for western intervention
is to ensure that no aid would ever be given to Germany from Russia and that assets owned by
western powers not fall into the hands of Germany.
The Elites in Favor of the Reds
Famously, Colonel Edward House, the main adviser to Woodrow Wilson, wrote:
That day Colonel House asked me to call upon him. I found him worried both by
my criticism of any recognition of the Bolshevists and by the certainty, which he
had not previously realized, that if the President were to recognize the Bolshevists
in return for commercial concessions his whole “idealism” would be hopelessly
compromised as commercialism in disguise. I pointed out to him that not only
would Wilson be utterly discredited but that the League of Nations would go by
the board, because all the small peoples and many of the big peoples of Europe
would be unable to resist the Bolshevism which Wilson would have accredited
(Quoted from Bolton, 2010).
my criticism of any recognition of the Bolshevists and by the certainty, which he
had not previously realized, that if the President were to recognize the Bolshevists
in return for commercial concessions his whole “idealism” would be hopelessly
compromised as commercialism in disguise. I pointed out to him that not only
would Wilson be utterly discredited but that the League of Nations would go by
the board, because all the small peoples and many of the big peoples of Europe
would be unable to resist the Bolshevism which Wilson would have accredited
(Quoted from Bolton, 2010).
General William Graves was a firm backer of the Red cause. In an excellent article on the
subject, Kerry Bolton states that Graves and many others actively sought to destroy the White
movement. He refused to deliver 14,000 rifles ordered and paid for by Kolchak. Another 15,000
rifles were blocked from the White Cossack forces by this same General. Most of all, Graves, in
full communication with the economic elite in the US, had the Japanese stand down from their
attacks on Red forces in the east.
subject, Kerry Bolton states that Graves and many others actively sought to destroy the White
movement. He refused to deliver 14,000 rifles ordered and paid for by Kolchak. Another 15,000
rifles were blocked from the White Cossack forces by this same General. Most of all, Graves, in
full communication with the economic elite in the US, had the Japanese stand down from their
attacks on Red forces in the east.
In November of 1918, the Allies signed an agreement with the Reds for full support in
exchange for financial concessions. While the Allies initially sought only Russia’s continual
action in the war, their attention soon wandered. Once the Treaty of Brest-Litivosk was signed,
the west permitted the Reds to re-organized old Russian debts, open Russia to world grain
markets and, as the treaty stipulated, hand over the more industrialized parts of Russia’s west.
Kolchak countered by also accepting old debts, initiating a Constituent Assembly and guaranteed
the independence of Poland. It was rejected. That Denikin refused to sell off Russia in exchange
for aid sealed his defeat (Foglesong, 2011).1
exchange for financial concessions. While the Allies initially sought only Russia’s continual
action in the war, their attention soon wandered. Once the Treaty of Brest-Litivosk was signed,
the west permitted the Reds to re-organized old Russian debts, open Russia to world grain
markets and, as the treaty stipulated, hand over the more industrialized parts of Russia’s west.
Kolchak countered by also accepting old debts, initiating a Constituent Assembly and guaranteed
the independence of Poland. It was rejected. That Denikin refused to sell off Russia in exchange
for aid sealed his defeat (Foglesong, 2011).1
Both Woodrow Wilson and Lloyd George recognized Trotsky as the “legitimate” Russian
government. Since the Red was the only alternative to the “tsarist whites,” they were recognized.
George stated that a unified Russia would be the “greatest threat” to the British empire. Gen.
Denikin states in his memoirs that their sole source of supplies were those taken after Red
defeats. Red officers had regular salaries and a full staff, strongly suggesting western aid
(Gardner, 1976).
government. Since the Red was the only alternative to the “tsarist whites,” they were recognized.
George stated that a unified Russia would be the “greatest threat” to the British empire. Gen.
Denikin states in his memoirs that their sole source of supplies were those taken after Red
defeats. Red officers had regular salaries and a full staff, strongly suggesting western aid
(Gardner, 1976).
The mission of William Bullitt led to an agreement with Lenin and, as always, a total
rejection of the Whites. The memorandum asked for the lifting of all embargoes on the Soviet
government and for its immediate recognition. Full free trade with the Soviets was also
demanded, with the final and most important proviso that all debts to the west be paid
(Thompson, 1966)
rejection of the Whites. The memorandum asked for the lifting of all embargoes on the Soviet
government and for its immediate recognition. Full free trade with the Soviets was also
demanded, with the final and most important proviso that all debts to the west be paid
(Thompson, 1966)
Western newspapers spoke harshly of the whites, equating them with landlords and
“reactionaries” something coming from Bolshevik propaganda. Great Britain sank the Black Sea
Fleet while the French, in the memoirs of Kolchak, fought the Volunteer Army. Yet, even with
their shortages of ammunition and basic supplies, the White armies fought the Reds to a
standstill and began routing them by the Spring of 1919. However, the west had made up its
mind. Kolchak had to go (Bolton, 2011).
“reactionaries” something coming from Bolshevik propaganda. Great Britain sank the Black Sea
Fleet while the French, in the memoirs of Kolchak, fought the Volunteer Army. Yet, even with
their shortages of ammunition and basic supplies, the White armies fought the Reds to a
standstill and began routing them by the Spring of 1919. However, the west had made up its
mind. Kolchak had to go (Bolton, 2011).
The White armies during the Civil war confuse many. The common myths are that they
were royalist, and served the “landlord” class. Few royalists were part of the White forces and the
“landlord” class were the peasants themselves, who by the start of the war owned almost 95% of
all Russian land. A false conservative-radical dichotomy is drawn. The Whites were largely loyal
to Kerensky and the Assembly. They were hostile to Cossack autonomy and Ukrainian
separatism. The “unified Great Russia” was one of the few slogans they all agreed upon.
General Graves was a spokesman for the American ruling class. His work on the situation
at the time shows not only his support of Bolshevism, but that of the US government. Few had
any idea what “Bolshevism” was. About as many knew what “Marxism” was. Today, educated
people have a vague idea of these concepts. Back then, it was just as dark and void as the rest of
Russian life. Graves writes in his memoirs about what he wrote to the State Department about
Admiral Kolchak:
were royalist, and served the “landlord” class. Few royalists were part of the White forces and the
“landlord” class were the peasants themselves, who by the start of the war owned almost 95% of
all Russian land. A false conservative-radical dichotomy is drawn. The Whites were largely loyal
to Kerensky and the Assembly. They were hostile to Cossack autonomy and Ukrainian
separatism. The “unified Great Russia” was one of the few slogans they all agreed upon.
General Graves was a spokesman for the American ruling class. His work on the situation
at the time shows not only his support of Bolshevism, but that of the US government. Few had
any idea what “Bolshevism” was. About as many knew what “Marxism” was. Today, educated
people have a vague idea of these concepts. Back then, it was just as dark and void as the rest of
Russian life. Graves writes in his memoirs about what he wrote to the State Department about
Admiral Kolchak:
The Kolchak Government cannot possibly stand and if the Allies support him they
will make the greatest mistake in history. The Government is divided into two
distinct parts, one issues proclamation and propaganda for foreign consumption
stating that the Government favors and works for a constituent assembly, other
part secretly plans and plots a restoration of monarchy. This is perceptible only to
those who are part of the Government. It is a hypocritical government which
attempts to convince the peasants that their cause is being fostered and yet looks
for the psychological moment to restore monarchy. Kolchak has surrounded
himself with old regime officers whose only salvation for future existence
depends on restoration of monarchy (Graves, 1941).
will make the greatest mistake in history. The Government is divided into two
distinct parts, one issues proclamation and propaganda for foreign consumption
stating that the Government favors and works for a constituent assembly, other
part secretly plans and plots a restoration of monarchy. This is perceptible only to
those who are part of the Government. It is a hypocritical government which
attempts to convince the peasants that their cause is being fostered and yet looks
for the psychological moment to restore monarchy. Kolchak has surrounded
himself with old regime officers whose only salvation for future existence
depends on restoration of monarchy (Graves, 1941).
None of this was true and Graves knew it at the time. Immediately upon reading this one
is struck by the fact that insisting on the restoration of monarchy was sufficient to destroy the
moral nature of Kolchak’s cause in Washington. Second, that this alleged desire is only “in
secret,” so it cannot be verified. Finally, since there is no evidence of such a desire anywhere, the
need to impute it to him begs the question.
is struck by the fact that insisting on the restoration of monarchy was sufficient to destroy the
moral nature of Kolchak’s cause in Washington. Second, that this alleged desire is only “in
secret,” so it cannot be verified. Finally, since there is no evidence of such a desire anywhere, the
need to impute it to him begs the question.
The Ineffectiveness of the White Armies
In 1918, there were three centers of battle:
First, the southwest where the Volunteer army worked with the Cossacks against the
purely urban, Jewish red forces. The newly formed Polish army, Ukrainian Rada militia and the
Makhno organization made this the most complex theater of the war. The Polish forces were
quite effective, and at a crucial moment where the Red forces would have been destroyed,
Pidsulsky turns against the Volunteers and saves Trotsky from destruction. The key moment was
the massive war between Wrangel’s 350,000 men and Trotsky’s 200,000. As Denikin had
abandoned the cause and left Russia, the confusion in the high command and the use of Makhno
from the rear caused a major white loss. A massive force of 150,000 Whites escaped to the west
from Crimea.
purely urban, Jewish red forces. The newly formed Polish army, Ukrainian Rada militia and the
Makhno organization made this the most complex theater of the war. The Polish forces were
quite effective, and at a crucial moment where the Red forces would have been destroyed,
Pidsulsky turns against the Volunteers and saves Trotsky from destruction. The key moment was
the massive war between Wrangel’s 350,000 men and Trotsky’s 200,000. As Denikin had
abandoned the cause and left Russia, the confusion in the high command and the use of Makhno
from the rear caused a major white loss. A massive force of 150,000 Whites escaped to the west
from Crimea.
Second, the Siberian republic. This was a successful political unit from 1917 to 1922
under the command of Kolchak. The press, often portrayed as state-controlled, was highly critical
of the Whites. Its economic growth was impressive and local governments were active. His
military forces was equally impressive, consisting of 35,000 Cossacks and 80,00 Japanese. The
total fore was over 400,000.
under the command of Kolchak. The press, often portrayed as state-controlled, was highly critical
of the Whites. Its economic growth was impressive and local governments were active. His
military forces was equally impressive, consisting of 35,000 Cossacks and 80,00 Japanese. The
total fore was over 400,000.
Third, the Northwest under General Yudenich, including an Estonian army of 10,000.
Britain promised him some aid only under the condition that Estonia be declared independent.
Britain, however, became the primary enemy of Yudenich’s army as it threatened St. Petersburg.
The Red government, threatened for the first time, saw total inaction from the British troops at
Arkhangelsk.
Britain promised him some aid only under the condition that Estonia be declared independent.
Britain, however, became the primary enemy of Yudenich’s army as it threatened St. Petersburg.
The Red government, threatened for the first time, saw total inaction from the British troops at
Arkhangelsk.
The problem was that these three centers were commanded by generals of different
political opinions and strategies. There was no overarching command in the way Trotsky
centralized control over the Red forces. Egos, ideology and attitudes towards the monarchy all
created fissures in the white movement of such severity that it can hardly be called a single
movement at all.
political opinions and strategies. There was no overarching command in the way Trotsky
centralized control over the Red forces. Egos, ideology and attitudes towards the monarchy all
created fissures in the white movement of such severity that it can hardly be called a single
movement at all.
In the Russian language work of Valery Shambarov, the condition of the White armies is
made clearer. Just prior to the beginning of the Civil war, the Reds emptied the prisons,
promising them freedom in exchange for terrorizing the white and local peoples. Crime had been
very low under Nicholas II, but soon shot up 500% by 1917.
made clearer. Just prior to the beginning of the Civil war, the Reds emptied the prisons,
promising them freedom in exchange for terrorizing the white and local peoples. Crime had been
very low under Nicholas II, but soon shot up 500% by 1917.
Contrary to myth, very few of the White officers came from the old nobility and almost
all had no landed property. About 15% of the total had some noble ties or acquired property of
any kind. Once Brest was signed, this meant that the Reds were de facto allied with Berlin.
Britain sought a White-Red alliance to continue the war. When the Whites refused, Britain
abandoned them, calling them “extremists” and the worst of all, “nationalists.”
In July of 1918, MA Morav’yev defected from the Red camp and brought 10,000 men
with him. Yekaterinburg fell to the Czechs. Panicked, the Reds sacrificed the tsar and his family
in exchange for the promise of victory from infernal powers. Kappel’s men penetrated as far as
Kazan, where he captured Russia’s gold reserve worth 50 million rubles. Unfortunately, nothing
was for sale. With this immense fortune, the west was unwilling to sell weapons to the Whites.
Food aid and weapons, not to mention tremendous “loans” from The Schiff clan in New York
poured in for the Reds (Shambarov, 1999, original text in Russian).
all had no landed property. About 15% of the total had some noble ties or acquired property of
any kind. Once Brest was signed, this meant that the Reds were de facto allied with Berlin.
Britain sought a White-Red alliance to continue the war. When the Whites refused, Britain
abandoned them, calling them “extremists” and the worst of all, “nationalists.”
In July of 1918, MA Morav’yev defected from the Red camp and brought 10,000 men
with him. Yekaterinburg fell to the Czechs. Panicked, the Reds sacrificed the tsar and his family
in exchange for the promise of victory from infernal powers. Kappel’s men penetrated as far as
Kazan, where he captured Russia’s gold reserve worth 50 million rubles. Unfortunately, nothing
was for sale. With this immense fortune, the west was unwilling to sell weapons to the Whites.
Food aid and weapons, not to mention tremendous “loans” from The Schiff clan in New York
poured in for the Reds (Shambarov, 1999, original text in Russian).
The Whites never developed a firm chain of command and, even worse, the Cossacks had
no interest in integrating with regular white structures. Denikin estimated that, at a minimum, 1
rubles were needed for a single month of operations. Kornilov sought the possibility of a military
government, earning him the eternal hatred of the west. More than anything else, the west
rejected the idea of a strong, unified Russia. Anyone promoting this was rejected without
consideration.
no interest in integrating with regular white structures. Denikin estimated that, at a minimum, 1
rubles were needed for a single month of operations. Kornilov sought the possibility of a military
government, earning him the eternal hatred of the west. More than anything else, the west
rejected the idea of a strong, unified Russia. Anyone promoting this was rejected without
consideration.
The White governments had little real power. The staff of the high command was almost
non-existent. The Northern Army had roughly 25,000 men with 600 offices. Because of the total
lack of western aid, they were forced to live at the expense of the local population.
The lack of any real identity or ideology of the White movement was one of the essential
flaws in it and a major cause for its defeat. Part of this was made possible by the dogmatic belief
that a “Constituent Assembly” will be called upon the defeat of the Reds and all pressing social
problems will then be addressed. In the meantime, only the military situation mattered.
The urban wealthy were almost to a man, dedicated to the Social Democrats and
Kerensky. This included the oligarchs Lv’iv, Guchkov, Ryanbushinsky, Konovalov and
Tereshchenko and, once Kornilov rejected Kerensky, these elites rejected the White Armies.
The west blocked all White radio transmissions to the public and the Red forces had
miraculous recoveries after each defeat. Both Kolchak and Denikin realized that any aid form the
west meant the sale of Russia and the plundering of her natural resources. Trotsky was willing to
do this at the behest of his banking contacts. The whites would not. The result was the comment
of William Bullitt, head of US intelligence in St. Petersburg, that Trotsky was “our man” in
Russia. The French assistant military attache in Russia, Captain Jaques Sadoul, was firmly in
Trotsky’s camp (Munholland, 1981). He was also a founder of the International and a communist.
Eventually, he tired of this intellectual fad and abandoned the ideology in 1919.
Herbert Hoover saved the fledgling USSR with generous food aid while American
companies developed the first five year plan for the Soviet Union. In 1917, declassified papers
from the US Department of State clearly demand that American media outlets stop referring to
the Reds as “enemies.”
non-existent. The Northern Army had roughly 25,000 men with 600 offices. Because of the total
lack of western aid, they were forced to live at the expense of the local population.
The lack of any real identity or ideology of the White movement was one of the essential
flaws in it and a major cause for its defeat. Part of this was made possible by the dogmatic belief
that a “Constituent Assembly” will be called upon the defeat of the Reds and all pressing social
problems will then be addressed. In the meantime, only the military situation mattered.
The urban wealthy were almost to a man, dedicated to the Social Democrats and
Kerensky. This included the oligarchs Lv’iv, Guchkov, Ryanbushinsky, Konovalov and
Tereshchenko and, once Kornilov rejected Kerensky, these elites rejected the White Armies.
The west blocked all White radio transmissions to the public and the Red forces had
miraculous recoveries after each defeat. Both Kolchak and Denikin realized that any aid form the
west meant the sale of Russia and the plundering of her natural resources. Trotsky was willing to
do this at the behest of his banking contacts. The whites would not. The result was the comment
of William Bullitt, head of US intelligence in St. Petersburg, that Trotsky was “our man” in
Russia. The French assistant military attache in Russia, Captain Jaques Sadoul, was firmly in
Trotsky’s camp (Munholland, 1981). He was also a founder of the International and a communist.
Eventually, he tired of this intellectual fad and abandoned the ideology in 1919.
Herbert Hoover saved the fledgling USSR with generous food aid while American
companies developed the first five year plan for the Soviet Union. In 1917, declassified papers
from the US Department of State clearly demand that American media outlets stop referring to
the Reds as “enemies.”
The Last Hope: Hetman Skoropadsky
In Ukraine, the sole hope for stability was the Cossack Chieftain Pavel Skoropadsky
(1873-1945). Universally rejected by western historians, his record was impressive. Though
ruling only from April to November of 1918, the Reds feared him and Petliura, a high level
occultist and a member of the same lodge as Trotsky, was mobilized to fight him. Skoropadsky
was pro-Russian but dd not believe in being a part of the empire. In his short reign he reformed
the armed services, limited land ownership, clipped the landlord class and lowered taxes.
Achieving recognition from the Vatican, Austria, Denmark, and more than 30 states, Ukrainian
independence had finally become the norm worldwide. Suspiciously, the “Ukrainian nationalist”
movement fought him (cf Sagaydak, 2011).
(1873-1945). Universally rejected by western historians, his record was impressive. Though
ruling only from April to November of 1918, the Reds feared him and Petliura, a high level
occultist and a member of the same lodge as Trotsky, was mobilized to fight him. Skoropadsky
was pro-Russian but dd not believe in being a part of the empire. In his short reign he reformed
the armed services, limited land ownership, clipped the landlord class and lowered taxes.
Achieving recognition from the Vatican, Austria, Denmark, and more than 30 states, Ukrainian
independence had finally become the norm worldwide. Suspiciously, the “Ukrainian nationalist”
movement fought him (cf Sagaydak, 2011).
The Hetman was supported by Bishop Nikodemus, labor and the peasantry in general.
Imitating the policy of Emperor Alexander III, he chartered the peasant land bank, making it
easier to buy or reclaim land. Each peasant family was assured a minimum of 25 hectares that no
debt could remove. Grain prices were fixed so as to avoid market fluctuations. Domestic demand
was given priority and hard currency was earned with about 35% of all grain exported. Yet this
miracle, an independent Ukraine in close union with Russia, was intolerable.
Skoropadsky is the unsung hero of the White idea. Dismissed with almost no
consideration by western historians, he proved himself a political genius under the worst of
circumstances. Liberal constitutionalism was a suicide pact under the unsettled conditions of war,
moral degeneracy and foreign occupation. As Pavel was a distant relative of the Hetman Ivan
Skoropadsky (1646-1722), it is fair to say that the Hetmanate had been legitimately restored with
his accession.
Imitating the policy of Emperor Alexander III, he chartered the peasant land bank, making it
easier to buy or reclaim land. Each peasant family was assured a minimum of 25 hectares that no
debt could remove. Grain prices were fixed so as to avoid market fluctuations. Domestic demand
was given priority and hard currency was earned with about 35% of all grain exported. Yet this
miracle, an independent Ukraine in close union with Russia, was intolerable.
Skoropadsky is the unsung hero of the White idea. Dismissed with almost no
consideration by western historians, he proved himself a political genius under the worst of
circumstances. Liberal constitutionalism was a suicide pact under the unsettled conditions of war,
moral degeneracy and foreign occupation. As Pavel was a distant relative of the Hetman Ivan
Skoropadsky (1646-1722), it is fair to say that the Hetmanate had been legitimately restored with
his accession.
With almost no money, he succeeded in creating eight army corps of competent fighting
strength. Strangely, the Rada state failed to even begin this process. The socialists, not even
approaching the fairness of the Hetman’s land policy (even in theory) launched a war against him.
This same group that refused to create a military force under the Rada suddenly had the ability to
field an army against the Hetman (Kaganets, 2007).
strength. Strangely, the Rada state failed to even begin this process. The socialists, not even
approaching the fairness of the Hetman’s land policy (even in theory) launched a war against him.
This same group that refused to create a military force under the Rada suddenly had the ability to
field an army against the Hetman (Kaganets, 2007).
Within Austria-Hungary, the Hetman had multinational and multi-confessional support.
The German army was in negotiations with the moderate left as the Hetman took over and had no
interest in supporting Skoropadsky. At the time, his enemies said that England, not Germany, was
his sponsor. His opponents approached Germany to fight the Hetman, not support him. His land
reform was to benefit small landholders, a group he considered to be essential to rebuilding. He
was in the process of putting together a representative ruling council at the time of his absurd
dethroning (Kalynchuk, 2013).
The German army was in negotiations with the moderate left as the Hetman took over and had no
interest in supporting Skoropadsky. At the time, his enemies said that England, not Germany, was
his sponsor. His opponents approached Germany to fight the Hetman, not support him. His land
reform was to benefit small landholders, a group he considered to be essential to rebuilding. He
was in the process of putting together a representative ruling council at the time of his absurd
dethroning (Kalynchuk, 2013).
The artificial and forced nature of the socialist and “nationalist” opposition to
Skoropadsky was such as to bring them to levels of absurdity. He advocated gradual
Ukrainiaization of the military and government services. This was ignored by Petliura. His
cabinet contained such luminaries as Doroshenko, Kistakovsky, Naumenko, and Stebnytska, but
all of this was deemed insufficiently Ukrainian (as Petliura made an alliance with Poland).
During his short reign, his moderate pro-Ukrainian stance converted many Russians
nationals living on the territory. Ukrainian independence, achieved both de facto and de jure by
Skoropadsky, was permanently destroyed upon his overthrow. Vasyl Lypkivsky and the Hetman
were allies, and he successfully mediated a reconciliation of the UAOC and the ROC on his
territory. He sought a fully autocephalous Ukrainian Orthodox church with its own patriarch. His
successes were so sudden and so significant that he even received Uniat support, given that he
was the best hope for stability in the region in Vienna’s opinion. Living in Germany after the war,
Skoropadsky refused all offers to cooperate with Hitler’s government. He was a man of rare
principle in a violent and unsettled age. There is no excuse for the awful treatment this man has
received from historians, and the attacks on him from Petliura and the Poles should strongly
place his support for Ukrainian independence in doubt.2
Skoropadsky was such as to bring them to levels of absurdity. He advocated gradual
Ukrainiaization of the military and government services. This was ignored by Petliura. His
cabinet contained such luminaries as Doroshenko, Kistakovsky, Naumenko, and Stebnytska, but
all of this was deemed insufficiently Ukrainian (as Petliura made an alliance with Poland).
During his short reign, his moderate pro-Ukrainian stance converted many Russians
nationals living on the territory. Ukrainian independence, achieved both de facto and de jure by
Skoropadsky, was permanently destroyed upon his overthrow. Vasyl Lypkivsky and the Hetman
were allies, and he successfully mediated a reconciliation of the UAOC and the ROC on his
territory. He sought a fully autocephalous Ukrainian Orthodox church with its own patriarch. His
successes were so sudden and so significant that he even received Uniat support, given that he
was the best hope for stability in the region in Vienna’s opinion. Living in Germany after the war,
Skoropadsky refused all offers to cooperate with Hitler’s government. He was a man of rare
principle in a violent and unsettled age. There is no excuse for the awful treatment this man has
received from historians, and the attacks on him from Petliura and the Poles should strongly
place his support for Ukrainian independence in doubt.2
It goes without saying that, in the w3est, all myths created by the Red forces about the
Hetman were believed without criticism. Without regard to any facts, he was referred to as a
German partisan and hence totally impossible for the Allies to support. A strong Ukraine, anticommunist,
yet independently pro-Russian, would have been an immense help to the anticommunist
cause.
Hetman were believed without criticism. Without regard to any facts, he was referred to as a
German partisan and hence totally impossible for the Allies to support. A strong Ukraine, anticommunist,
yet independently pro-Russian, would have been an immense help to the anticommunist
cause.
2 A comprehensive bibliography of the Hetman can be found here:
http://msmb.org.ua/biblioresursi/bibliografiya/osobistosti/skoropadsykiy-pavlo-petrovich-ostanniy-getymanukraini/
http://msmb.org.ua/biblioresursi/bibliografiya/osobistosti/skoropadsykiy-pavlo-petrovich-ostanniy-getymanukraini/
Conclusion
The west did everything in its power to ensure the Red takeover of Russia. It had its
tentacles into the major banking houses in New York thanks to Trotsky. It was an atheist and thus
materialist movement that saw men as nothing more than matter in motion, hence, mass killing
had no clear or obvious sanction against it. The Red armies were falling apart in 1918,
Skoropadsky was creating a prosperous Ukrainian government in Kiev, and Kappel had a fortune
that could maintain the White forces indefinitely. None of this assisted the Whites (Bunyan,
1976).
tentacles into the major banking houses in New York thanks to Trotsky. It was an atheist and thus
materialist movement that saw men as nothing more than matter in motion, hence, mass killing
had no clear or obvious sanction against it. The Red armies were falling apart in 1918,
Skoropadsky was creating a prosperous Ukrainian government in Kiev, and Kappel had a fortune
that could maintain the White forces indefinitely. None of this assisted the Whites (Bunyan,
1976).
The American financial community demanded a centralized, materialist and Jewish
Russia and this they received. Today, Vladimir Putin is threatened with World War III on a daily
basis. Sanctions seek to strangle the Russian economy. This is because Putin is a nationalist.
Noting like this was ever imposed on the USSR. Nationalism, especially the nationalism of a
country as large as Russia, was the primary enemy of the banking elite then and now. This is the
sole reason the Reds won the Civil War and had the liquidity and investment to continue in
power once it was granted to them. There is no farce more saddening than the history being
written for pay in American universities.
Russia and this they received. Today, Vladimir Putin is threatened with World War III on a daily
basis. Sanctions seek to strangle the Russian economy. This is because Putin is a nationalist.
Noting like this was ever imposed on the USSR. Nationalism, especially the nationalism of a
country as large as Russia, was the primary enemy of the banking elite then and now. This is the
sole reason the Reds won the Civil War and had the liquidity and investment to continue in
power once it was granted to them. There is no farce more saddening than the history being
written for pay in American universities.
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