zondag 19 mei 2013

Geert Mak en de Kroning van 2013 (20)



Nu we aan de hand van de feiten hebben kunnen vaststellen dat de VS na de Tweede Wereldoorlog geenszins ‘decennialang als ordebewaker en politie agent’ in de wereld heeft gefungeerd, zoals Geert Mak met grote stelligheid in Reizen zonder John beweert, maar dat het imperium een menswaardige ‘orde’ al die tijd onmogelijk heeft gemaakt, wil ik de jaren vóór 1939 en de toekomst kort behandelen. Sinds het eind van de negentiende eeuw werd de Amerikaanse buitenlandse politiek bepaald door een beleid dat Amerikaanse academici van naam de ‘Open Door Imperialism’ noemen:

Open Door imperialism consisted of using U.S. political power to guarantee access to foreign markets and resources on terms favorable to American corporate interests, without relying on direct political rule. Its central goal was to obtain for U.S. merchandise, in each national market, treatment equal to that afforded any other industrial nation. Most importantly, this entailed active engagement by the U.S. government in breaking down the imperial powers' existing spheres of economic influence or preference. The result, in most cases, was to treat as hostile to U.S. security interests any large-scale attempt at autarky, or any other policy whose effect was to withdraw a major area from the disposal of U.S. corporations. When the power attempting such policies was an equal, like the British Empire, the U.S. reaction was merely one of measured coolness. When it was perceived as an inferior, like Japan, the U.S. resorted to more forceful measures, as events of the late 1930s indicate. And whatever the degree of equality between advanced nations in their access to Third World markets, it was clear that Third World nations were still to be subordinated to the industrialized West in a collective sense. Indeed, one think that Kautsky had the Open Door in mind in formulating his theory of ‘ultra-imperialism,’ in which the developed capitalist nations cooperated to exploit the Third World collectively.
This Open Door system was the direct ancestor of today's neoliberal system, which is falsely called ‘free trade’ in the apologetics of court intellectuals. It depended on active management of the world economy by dominant states, and continuing intervention to police the international economic order and enforce sanctions against states which did not cooperate. Woodrow Wilson, in a 1907 lecture at Columbia University, said:
Since trade ignores national boundaries and the manufacturer insists on having the world as a market, the flag of his nation must follow him, and the doors of the nations which are closed must be battered down.... Concessions obtained by financiers must be safeguarded by ministers of state, even if the sovereignty of unwilling nations be outraged in the process. Colonies must be obtained or planted, in order that no useful corner of the world may be overlooked or left unused. Peace itself becomes a matter of conference and international combinations.
Wilson warned during the 1912 election that Our industries have expanded to such a point that they will burst their jackets if they cannot find a free [i.e., guaranteed by the state] outlet to the markets of the world.’
In a 1914 address to the National Foreign Trade Convention, Secretary of Commerce Redfield followed very nearly the same theme:
we have learned the lesson now, that our factories are so large that their output at full time is greater than America's market can continuously absorb. We know now that if we will run full time all the time, we must do it by reason of the orders we take from lands beyond the sea. To do less than that means homes in America in which the husbands are without work; to do that means factories that are shut down part of the time.
Under the Open Door system, the state and its loans were to play a central role in the export of capital. The primary purpose of foreign loans, historically, has been to finance the infrastructure which is a prerequisite for the establishment of enterprises in foreign countries. As Edward E. Pratt, chief of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, said in 1914:
we can never hope to realize the really big prizes in foreign trade until we are prepared to loan capital to foreign nations and to foreign enterprise. The big prizes... are the public and private developments of large proportions, ...the building of railroads, the construction of public-service plants, the improvement of harbors and docks, ...and many others which demand capital in large amounts.... It is commonly said that trade follows the flag. It is much more truly said that trade follows the investment or the loan.
It was, however, beyond the resources of individual firms or venture capitalists, or of the decentralized banking system, to raise the sums necessary for these tasks. One purpose of creating a central banking system (the Federal Reserve Act, 1914) was to make possible the large-scale mobilization of investment capital for overseas ventures. Under the New Deal, the mobilization began to take the form of direct state loans. The state's financial policies, besides promoting the accumulation of capital for foreign investment, also underwrite foreign consumption of U.S. produce. As John Foster Dulles said in 1928, We must finance our exports by loaning foreigners the where-with-all to pay for them.... These two functions were perfected in the Bretton Woods system after WWII.


Uit zowel de uitspraken van Amerikaanse beleidsbepalers als de lange reeks gewelddadige Amerikaanse interventies blijkt dat Washington vanaf het allereerst begin expansionistisch en imperialistisch is geweest, vaak gedwongen door de kapitalistische economische wetmatigheid van de eeuwige groei. De ware redenen achter de woorden van de 'internationalist' Woodrow Wilson waren economische, het telkens terugkerende probleem van de overproductie. De toenmalige president McKinley verwoordde dit zonder omwegen toen hij tijdens de grote depressie in de VS aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw verklaarde: 'Wij hebben goed geld… maar wat we nodig hebben is nieuwe markten,omdat, zoals de invloedrijke voorzitter van de Senaats Commissie voor Buitenlandse Betrekkingen, Henry Cabot Lodge, hem nog eens duidelijk had gemaakt, de binnenlandse markten ‘niet voldoende zijn voor onze op volle toeren draaiende industrieën.’ Met het oog daarop verklaarde de invloedrijke Senator Albert Beveridge: 'The Philippines are ours forever... and just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets... The Pacific is ours.' Telkens weer was het argument tijdens het debat in het Congres over de annexatie van de Filippijnen dat dit land als de 'stepping-stones to China' moest functioneren, een potentiele markt van destijds 400 miljoen consumenten. Natuurlijk werd deze noodzaak met nobel klinkende propaganda aan de man gebracht. De VS had de plicht om het christendom en de blanke beschaving te verspreiden onder wat Beveridge noemde 'savage and senile peoples.' In feite ging het natuurlijk om goedkope vitale grondstoffen voor de Amerikaanse fabrieken en nieuwe afzetmarkten voor Amerikaanse producten. Dat was de ‘orde’ die toen heerste, en dat is de ‘orde’ die nog steeds heerst, en nu machtiger is dan ooit tevoren, en ook vandaag de dag wordt deze medogenloze wanorde door de spreekbuizen van de macht verkocht als het cultiveren van ‘savage and senile peoples’ via ‘responsibility to protect’ of ‘humanitaire interventies,’ of ‘regime change’ of ‘nation building,’ etc. Maar de rode draad in dit geweld blijft altijd het massaal schenden van mensenrechten, honderdduizenden tot miljoenen burgerdoden, het op grote schaal vernietigen van de infra-structuur, het aan de macht helpen en houden van gangsterregimes, kortom het terroriseren van de mensheid. Dit proces werd nog eens onderstreept door de Amerikaanse generaal Smedley Butler. Terug kijkende op zijn ruim 33 jaar actieve militaire dienst verklaarde in 1933 deze oud bevelhebber van het Amerikaanse Korps Mariniers:

Oorlog is misdaad. Hij wordt gevoerd ten voordele van de zeer weinigen ten koste van de massa. Ik ben heel lang een eersteklas uitsmijter geweest voor het bedrijfsleven. Voor Wall Street en voor de banken. Ik was in feite een misdadiger, een gangster voor het kapitalisme. Ik heb in 1914 Mexico veilig gemaakt voor de Amerikaanse oliebelangen. Ik hielp bij het verkrachten van een half dozijn Midden Amerikaanse republieken voor het profijt van Wall Street. In China heb ik ervoor gezorgd dat Standard Oil ongestoord zijn weg kon gaan. Al Capone is niet verder gekomen dan drie wijken. Mijn werkterrein omvatte drie continenten.

En dit kan tamelijk ongestoord blijven doorgaan zolang het geweld voldoende gelegitimeerd blijft door opiniemakers als Geert Mak. Juist door de voortdurende propagandistische kitsch kunnen de westerse volkeren in toom worden gehouden. Zo vertelt Mak zijn publiek mee dat de bewoners van het land waarvoor hij ‘altijd al’ een ‘geheime liefde’ heeft gekoesterd ‘hele optimistische mensen [zijn] vergeleken met ons fatalistische Europeanen’ en dat

Amerika er over een halve eeuw beter voor[staat] dan Europa… Als je invloed en macht wilt hebben, moet je groots zijn. Dat is iets wat we in Europa van ze kunnen leren.

Hoogste tijd om een blik op de toekomst te werpen. Zal de Verenigde Staten het land worden dat volgens Mak al decennialang als ordebewaker en politieagent’ optreedt en wordt gekenmerkt door, ik citeer opnieuw Mak, ‘het vitale karakter van’ zijn ‘democratie.’ Dat moet ernstig worden betwijfeld, als men tenminste niet blind is voor de feiten. Laten we zien hoe over de invulling van die toekomst wordt gedacht door militaire beleidsbepalers van het zwaarst bewapende land in de geschiedenis.


Sinds het Amerikaanse militair industrieel complex ervan uitgaat dat het de alleenheerschappij op aarde in handen heeft, bereidt het zich momenteel voor op het in stand houden van de hegemonie vanuit en in de ruimte.  Wie de moeite neemt om de website van de US Space Command te bezoeken kan daar in ‘Vision for 2020’ onder de titel: ‘Het domineren van de ruimte dimensie door militaire operaties om de belangen en investeringen van de VS te beschermen’ onder andere lezen dat ‘tijdens de westwaartse expansie van het continentale VS’ legers noodzakelijk waren. Maar voor de overzeese expansie moesten Westerse naties vroeger op de marine vertrouwen om ‘hun commerciële belangen te beschermen en te bevorderen,’ al was het maar omdat er overal ter wereld volkeren leven die niet zonder slag of stoot hun natuurlijke rijkdommen aan een neokoloniale macht willen overdragen of een andere cultuur klakkeloos wensen te imiteren. 

Het spreekt voor zich dat in het moderne tijdperk met zijn massavernietigingswapens niet alleen de marine de hegemonie in stand kan houden, maar ook de luchtmacht en de nieuwste tak van de Amerikaanse strijdkrachten, te weten US Space Command, die vanuit de ruimte, waar de VS imiddels superieur is, de aarde kan bedreigen en chanteren. Vanuit de kosmos kunnen de Amerikaanse ‘commerciële belangen’ onbedreigd kunnen worden beschermd door de inzet van ‘in de ruimte gestationeerde aanvalswapens,’ met raketten die elk moment overal ter wereld kunnen inslaan. Volgens US Space Command zal de noodzaak van dergelijke precisiewapens toenemen als gevolg van ‘de globalisering van de wereld economie,’ omdat die ‘globalisering’ zo voorspellen de Amerikaanse militaire planners ‘een groeiende kloof tussen de “have” and “have-nots”’ veroorzaakt. Ze erkennen dat de ‘groeiende economische kloof’ zal uitlopen op een ‘toenemende economische stagnatie, politieke instabiliteit, en culturele vervreemding,’ en daaraan gekoppeld massale sociale onrust en gewelddadig verzet onder de ‘have-nots’, geweld dat vooral gericht zal zijn tegen de meest agressieve staat, zijnde de VS. Door het monopoliseren van het heelal moet de VS gereed staan om grootscheepse onrust, waar dan ook ter wereld, te beheersen door ‘het gebruik van ruimte systemen en planning voor een precisie aanval vanuit de ruimte om de wereldwijde proliferatie van massavernietigingswapens te beantwoorden.’ 

Volgens de politieke analist Noam Chomsky is het ‘fundamentele principe’ achter deze strategie de overtuiging onder Amerikaanse machthebbers dat ‘hegemonie belangrijker is dan overleven.’ Om de alleenheerschappij te verzekeren heeft de regering Bush junior talloze verdragen en VN-resoluties opgezegd dan wel onmogelijk gemaakt. Tezamen met grote vriend Israël weigert de VS als enige het ‘Ruimte Verdrag’ uit 1967, waarin bepaald wordt dat de kosmos gereserveerd blijft voor vreedzame doeleinden, opnieuw te bevestigen en te versterken. Januari 2001 blokkeerde Washington de VN Conferentie over Ontwapening en verwierp het de oproep van secretaris-generaal Kofi Annan om samen te werken aan een alomvattend akkoord om de militarisering van de ruimte te verbieden. Reuters berichtte dat ‘de VS de enige van de... lidstaten was die zich verzette tegen formele onderhandelingen over de ruimte.’ Dezelfde obstructie wordt gepleegd bij de controle op massavernietigingswapens. De VS is het enige land dat erop staat vrijgesteld te worden van bepaalde inspecties van chemische wapens. De Bush regering heeft zich tevens teruggetrokken uit de onderhandelingen over controlemaatregelen voor de uit 1972 daterende Biologische en Giftige Wapens Conventie. Volgens de New York Times heeft de VS ‘drie clandestiene defensieprojecten’ die neerkomen ‘op een compleet biologisch wapenprogramma.’ Het Witte Huis onder Bush junior, liet ook weten zich niet meer gebonden te achten aan sommige onderdelen van het Nucleaire Non-Proliferatie Verdrag. Daarnaast is Washington uit het ABM-Verdrag gestapt, waardoor -volgens deskundigen- een nieuwe kernwapenwedloop dreigt. De reden van dit besluit was dat het ABM-Verdrag het Star Wars-programma onmogelijk maakt. De VS heeft tevens laten weten tegen de ‘Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty’ te zijn. Tegelijkertijd ondermijnde ’s werelds enige supermacht de eerste VN conferentie over het aan banden leggen van de zwarte markt in wat heet ‘small arms,’ en verhinderde het nieuwe dwangmaatregelen van de Biologische Wapens Conventie. Het slaagde er ook in om de herbevestiging van het Protocol van Geneve uit 1925 te saboteren, waarbij het gebruik van gifgas en bacteriologische oorlogsvoering wordt verboden. In tegenstelling tot Geert Mak’s bewering dat de VS al ‘decennialang als ordebewaker en politie agent’ optreedt, en dus de wereldvrede  garandeert,  zien we in de praktijk precies het tegenovergestelde, een politieke ontwikkeling die een bedreiging vormt van de wereldvrede. Ook in dat opzicht is het politieke beleid van Obama geen 'change we can believe in.'


Het was in 1901, aan het begin van het Amerikaans overzees imperium, dat de scherpzinnige Mark Twain schreef: ‘Wij kunnen niet een rijk in stand houden in de Oriënt en tegelijkertijd een republiek in Amerika blijven.’ En hij heeft gelijk gekregen. Al meer dan een halve eeuw stemt bijna vijftig procent van de kiesgerechtigde inwoners niet meer in wat sommige Nederlandse academici noemen ‘de langst functionerende democratie in de wereldgeschiedenis.’ Ondertussen gaat ook onder Obama de Amerikaanse agressie gewoon door. Een fragment uit:

‘Joint Vision 2010 provides an operationally based template for the evolution of the Armed Forces for a challenging and uncertain future. It must become a benchmark for Service and Unified Command visions.’
GEN John M. Shalikashvili Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Joint Vision 2010

The medium of space is the fourth medium of warfare -- along with land, sea, and air. Space power (systems, capabilities, and forces) will be increasingly leveraged to close the ever-widening gap between diminishing resources and increasing military commitments.

The Joint Vision 2010 op- erational concepts of dominant maneuver, precision engagement, full-dimensional protection, and focused logistics are enabled by information superiority and technological innovation. The end result of these enablers and concepts is Full Spectrum Dominance. Information superiority relies heavily upon space capabilities to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while denying an adversary’s ability to fully leverage the same.

The emerging synergy of space superiority with land, sea, and air superiority, will lead to Full Spec- trum Dominance. Space forces play an increasingly critical role in pro- viding situational awareness (e.g., global communications; precise navigation; timely and accurate missile warning and weather; and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance [ISR]) to US forces.
Space doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leadership, and personnel will evolve to fully realize the potential of space power. Space power is a vital element in moving towards the Joint Vision goal of being persuasive in peace, decisive in war, and preeminent in any form of conflict.

Dit alles om de almaar uitdijende financiele belangen van een zeer kleine groep veilig te stellen, een schatrijke elite die hun rijkdom de afgelopen eeuw hebben verviervoudigd, terwijl het inkomen van de gewone Amerikaanse belastingbetaler sinds 1978 niet toenam. De Britse filosoof Alain de Botton heeft gelijk wanneer hij opmerkt dat

Wat moderne democratieën zichzelf ook mogen wijsmaken over het belang dat ze hechten aan het vrije woord en de diversiteit van meningen, de waarden van een maatschappij zullen altijd verbijsterend nauw overeenkomen met die van de willekeurige organisaties die groot genoeg zijn om reclamespotjes van dertig seconden rond het avondnieuws te kunnen bekostigen.

Botton’s constatering weerspreekt Geert Mak's opvattingen wanneer die met een pendante stelligheid spreekt van ‘het vitale karakter van de Amerikaanse democratie.'  Dat ‘vitale karakter’ heeft nooit bestaan en zal ook niet snel ontstaan zolang de Amerikaanse ‘democratie’ in handen blijft van een oligarchische kaste.


From Boston to Pakistan, Pentagon Officials Claim Entire World is a Battlefield

Pentagon officials today claimed President Obama and future presidents have the power to send troops anywhere in the world to fight groups linked to al-Qaeda, based in part on the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), passed by Congress days after the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. Speaking at the first Senate hearing on rewriting the AUMF, Pentagon officials specifically said troops could be sent to Syria, Yemen and the Congo without new congressional authorization. Michael Sheehan, the assistant secretary of defense for special operations and low-intensity conflict, predicted the war against al-Qaeda would last at least 10 to 20 more years. Senator Angus King (I-Maine) challenged the Pentagon’s interpretation of the Constitution and that the entire world is a battlefield. ‘This is the most astounding and most astoundingly disturbing hearing I’ve been to since I’ve been here. You guys have essentially rewritten the Constitution here today,’ King said. ‘You guys have invented this term 'associated forces' that’s nowhere in this document. ... It’s the justification for everything, and it renders the war powers of Congress null and void.’
This excerpt of the hearing includes Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC); Robert Taylor, acting general counsel, Department of Defense; Michael Sheehan, assistant secretary of defense for special operations/low-intensity conflict, Department of Defense; and Sen. Angus King (I-Maine).


TRANSCRIPT


SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: Do you agree with me, the war against radical Islam, or terror, whatever description you like to provide, will go on after the second term of President Obama?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Senator, in my judgment, this is going to go on for quite a while, and, yes, beyond the second term of the president.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: And beyond this term of Congress?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Yes, sir. I think it’s at least 10 to 20 years.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: So, from your point of view, you have all of the authorization and legal authorities necessary to conduct a drone strike against terrorist organizations in Yemen without changing the AUMF.
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Yes, sir, I do believe that.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: You agree with that, General?
BRIG. GEN. RICHARD GROSS: I do, sir.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: General, do you agree with that?
GEN. MICHAEL NAGATA: I do, sir.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: OK. Could we send military members into Yemen to strike against one of these organizations? Does the president have that authority to put boots on the ground in Yemen?
ROBERT TAYLOR: As I mentioned before, there’s domestic authority and international law authority. At the moment, the basis for putting boots on the ground in Yemen, we respect the sovereignty of Yemen, and it would—
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: I’m not talking about that. I’m talking about: Does he have the legal authority under our law to do that?
ROBERT TAYLOR: Under domestic authority, he would have that authority.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: I hope that Congress is OK with that. I’m OK with that. Does he have authority to put boots on the ground in the Congo?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Yes, sir, he does.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: OK. Do you agree with me that when it comes to international terrorism, we’re talking about a worldwide struggle?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Absolutely, sir. [inaudible]
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: Would you agree with me the battlefield is wherever the enemy chooses to make it?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Yes, sir, from Boston to the FATA [the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan].
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: I couldn’t agree with you more. We’re in a—do you agree with that, General?
BRIG. GEN. RICHARD GROSS: Yes, sir. I agree that the enemy decides where the battlefield is.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: And it could be anyplace on the planet, and we have to be aware and able to act. And do you have the ability to act, and are you aware of the threats?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Yes, sir. We do have the ability to react, and we are tracking threats globally.
SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: From my point of view, I think your analysis is correct, and I appreciate all of your service to our country.
SEN. CARL LEVIN: Senator King.
SEN. ANGUS KING: Gentlemen, I’ve only been here five months, but this is the most astounding and most astoundingly disturbing hearing that I’ve been to since I’ve been here. You guys have essentially rewritten the Constitution here today. The Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 11, clearly says that the Congress has the power to declare war. This—this authorization, the AUMF, is very limited. And you keep using the term ‘associated forces.’ You use it 13 times in your statement. That is not in the AUMF. And you said at one point, ‘It suits us very well.’ I assume it does suit you very well, because you’re reading it to cover everything and anything. And then you said, at another point, ‘So, even if the AUMF doesn’t apply, the general law of war applies, and we can take these actions.’ So, my question is: How do you possibly square this with the requirement of the Constitution that the Congress has the power to declare war?

This is one of the most fundamental divisions in our constitutional scheme, that the Congress has the power to declare war; the president is the commander-in-chief and prosecutes the war. But you’re reading this AUMF in such a way as to apply clearly outside of what it says. Senator McCain was absolutely right: It refers to the people who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks on September 11. That’s a date. That’s a date. It doesn’t go into the future. And then it says, ‘or harbored such organizations’—past tense—‘or persons in order to prevent any future acts by such nations, organizations or persons.’ It established a date.

I don’t disagree that we need to fight terrorism. But we need to do it in a constitutionally sound way. Now, I’m just a little, old lawyer from Brunswick, Maine, but I don’t see how you can possibly read this to be in comport with the Constitution and authorize any acts by the president. You had testified to Senator Graham that you believe that you could put boots on the ground in Yemen now under this—under this document. That makes the war powers a nullity. I’m sorry to ask such a long question, but my question is: What’s your response to this? Anybody?
MICHAEL SHEEHAN: Senator, let me take the first response. I’m not a constitutional lawyer or a lawyer of any kind. But let me talk to you a little—take a brief statement about al-Qaeda and the organization that attacked us on September 11, 2001. In the two years prior to that, Senator King, that organization attacked us in East Africa and killed 17 Americans in our embassy in Nairobi, with loosely affiliated groups of people in East Africa. A year prior to 9/11, that same organization, with its affiliates in Yemen, almost sunk a U.S. ship, the U.S.S. Cole, a billion-dollar warship, killed 17 sailors in the port of Aden. The organization that attacked us on 9/11 already had its tentacles in—around the world with associated groups. That was the nature of the organization then; it is the nature of the organization now. In order to attack that organization, we have to attack it with those affiliates that are its operational arm that have previously attacked and killed Americans, and at high-level interests, and continue to try to do that.
SEN. ANGUS KING: That’s fine, but that’s not what the AUMF says. You can—you can—what I’m saying is, we may need new authority, but don’t—if you expand this to the extent that you have, it’s meaningless, and the limitation in the war power is meaningless. I’m not disagreeing that we need to attack terrorism wherever it comes from and whoever is doing it. But what I’m saying is, let’s do it in a constitutional way, not by putting a gloss on a document that clearly won’t support it. It just—it just doesn’t—it just doesn’t work. I’m just reading the words. It’s all focused on September 11 and who was involved, and you guys have invented this term ‘associated forces’ that’s nowhere in this document. As I mentioned, in your written statement, you use that—that’s the key term. You use it 13 times. It’s the justification for everything. And it renders the war powers of the Congress null and void. I don’t understand. I mean, I do understand you’re saying we don’t need any change, because the way you read it, you can—you could do anything. But why not say—come back to us and say, ‘Yes, you’re correct that this is an overbroad reading that renders the war powers of the Congress a nullity; therefore, we need new authorization to respond to the new situation’? I don’t understand why—I mean, I do understand it, because the way you read it, there’s no limit. But that’s not what the Constitution contemplates.

RELATED DEMOCRACY NOW! COVERAGE


De wereld is een slagveld geworden en oorlogen worden bepaald door het Amerikaans militair industrieel complex, juist dankzij de veel te late protesten van sommige Congresleden. Geert Mak’s propaganda over de vitaliteit van de Amerikaanse democratie en over de VS als ‘ordebewaker en politieagent’ werkt alleen nog bij het mainstreampubliek in de polder. Daarom de volgende keer over de oorzaken van het feit dat Mak en zijn Nederlandse publiek de werkelijkheid domweg niet kunnen zien.


IRAQ: HOW DID IT COME TO THIS? 

Wel, mede dankzij de niet aflatende propaganda van de westerse mainstream media, mede dankzij de kwalificaties van journalisten als Geert Mak dat Washington de 'ordebewaker' in de wereld is. Mak en zijn publiek begrijpen niet dat het militair industrieel complex de macht al lang in handen heeft, 'carte blanche' heeft gekregen, en dat er de afgelopen halve eeuw precies datgene is gebeurd waarvoor president Eisenhower in 1961 waarschuwde. Mak en zijn publiek zweven met hun -- voor henzelf maar niet voor hun slachtoffers -- volstrekt consequentieloze opvattingen in een virtueel wereldje, en weigeren te zien wat er voor hun ogen op klaarlichte dag gebeurt.

Testifying before the US Senate Committee on Armed Services on Thursday, Pentagon officials claimed that “war on terror” legislation gives them sweeping powers to wage war anywhere in the world, including inside the United States, without Congressional authorization.
Assistant Defense Secretary Michael Sheehan argued that the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), passed by Congress after the September 11 attacks, constituted effective Congressional authorization for future wars waged under the rubric of the 'war on terror.' In his view, the Pentagon can continue its global campaign of drone assassination strikes and launch further wars under the heading of the 'war on terror,' without renewed authorization from Congress. 
'At this point, we’re comfortable with the AUMF as it is currently structured,' Sheehan said. 'Right now … it serves its purpose.'

Sheehan made clear that he believed that this authorization of war extended into the indefinite future. He said, 'In my judgment, this is going to go on for quite a while, yes, beyond the second term of the president … I think it’s at least 10 to 20 years.'
Sheehan’s position represents a flagrant rejection of the US Constitution. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution specifies: 'The Congress shall have power … to declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water.' However, top Pentagon officials are effectively asserting that Congress’ power will be indefinitely superseded by the President and the military, which can launch limitless wars at will.

While the issue is publicly presented as a debate over revising the AUMF, powerful sections of the American ruling class are in fact moving to suspend key provisions of the US Constitution and install a presidential-military dictatorship. In response to questioning from friendly Senators, the Pentagon officials indicated that they believe the AUMF allows the executive to unilaterally invade other countries and wage war inside the United States.

Senator Lindsey Graham asked whether the current AUMF gave US President Barack Obama the authority to put 'boots on the ground' in Yemen in the Middle East, or the Congo in Africa. The Pentagon’s acting general counsel, Robert Taylor, said that it did.
'Would you agree with me, the battlefield is anywhere the enemy chooses to make it' Graham asked.

Sheehan replied, 'Yes sir, from Boston to FATA,' – referring to Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas, a key target of US drone strikes, and the decision to put the entire city of Boston on lockdown after the April 15 Boston Marathon bombings.
In his prepared testimony, moreover, Sheehan wrote that 'being a US citizen does not immunize a member of the enemy from attack' by US forces. With this comment, Sheehan was again aligning the Pentagon with the US drone assassination of Anwar al-Awlaqi, a US citizen, on September 30, 2011. Washington gave no evidence that Awlaqi was planning or executing any attack on the United States before murdering him with a Hellfire missile.

This follows public speculation earlier this year by US Attorney General Eric Holder about possibly extra-judicially murdering US citizens on US soil, during counter-terrorism operations.

The entire framework of the Senate hearing testified to the deep decay of American democracy. The AUMF itself is an anti-democratic document, authorizing the President to use force against any 'nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations.'

While the AUMF was cynically presented as being directed against Al Qaeda and the Afghan Taliban, Washington took it as a blank check to wage unpopular wars and order assassinations throughout the world.

This pretext was fundamentally fraudulent, in that these policies were not primarily directed at Al Qaeda. They aimed to install neo-colonial rule in the Middle East, where most countries played no role in launching the September 11 attacks, in order to seize control of key oil resources and strengthen Washington’s geo-strategic position vis-à-vis other major powers. They also were aimed at suppressing popular opposition to such policies in the American working class by installing a climate of fear and intimidation.
The shifting needs of US imperialist policy over the last 12 years have exploded the pretext that its wars are justified by the AUMF. Many Al Qaeda-affiliated groups Washington is attacking, such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb or Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, did not exist in 2001 and played no role in the September 11 attacks. Washington even uses others, such as the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group or the Al Nusra Front in Syria, as allies of convenience in its wars for regime change in these countries.

The Pentagon has responded by asserting that the AUMF also grants it the authority to wage war on 'associated forces,' referring to Al Qaeda, though the term does not appear in the text of the AUMF. This provoked questions and even certain criticisms from the Senators.

Senator Angus King noted, 'You guys have essentially rewritten the Constitution here … You guys have invented this term, associated forces, and it renders the war powers of Congress null and void.' He added, 'I’m just a little old lawyer from Brunswick, Maine, but I don’t see how you can possibly read this to be in comport with the Constitution.'
Senator John McCain said that, when the Senate voted for the AUMF in 2001, 'None of us could have envisioned [granting] authority [for war] in Yemen and Somalia … For you to come here and say we don’t need to change [the AUMF] or revise it, I think is, well, disturbing.'
Senator Joe Donnelly raised Al Nusra in the Senate hearing and asked whether by affiliating to Al Qaeda–as Al Nusra has done–a group automatically could be considered a threat to the United States.

Sheehan replied, 'Yes sir, although it’s a bit murky, I hate to say, because there are groups that have openly professed their affiliation with Al Qaeda yet, in fact, as a government we haven’t completely grappled with that as of now.'
Nonetheless, all the Senators stressed their basic agreement with the fraudulent framework of the 'war on terror.' King stressed, 'I don’t disagree that we need to fight terrorism.'

McCain told the Pentagon officials, 'I don’t blame you because basically you’ve got carte blanche as to what you are going to do around the world.'

These comments expose the political reality that the only constituency for democracy in the United States is to be found in the working class. Even as the AUMF and the 'war on terror' are publicly exposed as pretexts for the US military to unconstitutionally seize immense powers, the political establishment continues to support the Pentagon, in order to further the strategic interests of US imperialism.



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