Daar was Amerika in het verleden goed in, die rol van machthebber en politieagent, omdat dat land heel royaal kon zijn.
Geert Mak. Humo. 21 augustus 2012
The old imperialism of direct colonial rule finally died in the last quarter of the 20th century… The puppet became a client and the client sometimes turned on its former master – as Saddam Hussein of Iraq showed when he marched into Kuwait in 1990. But this did not mean the end of imperialism – the attempt of major capitalist states to impose their will on lesser states… As one study concluded: ‘The rivalry between states and the rivalry between firms for a secure place in the world economy has become much fiercer, much more intense. As a result, firms have become more involved with governments and governments have come to recognize their increase dependence on the scarce resources controlled by firms.’ The huge multinationals centred in the US depended on the US state to help impose their policies on the rest of the world… financial diplomatic pressures were not always enough to ensure the ruling classes of the most powerful countries got their way. There were points when governments felt military force alone could maintain their global dominance.
Chris Harman. A People’s History of the World. 1999
This is what I think now: that the natural state of the sentient adult is a qualified unhappiness. I think also that in an adult the desire to be finer in grain than you are, ‘a constant striving’ (as those people say who gain their bread by saying it) only adds to this unhappiness in the end – that end that comes to our youth and hope. My own happiness in the past often approached such an ecstasy that I could not share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and lanes with only fragments of it to distil into little lines in books – and I think that my happiness, or talent for self-delusion or what you will, was an exception. It was not the natural thing but the unnatural – unnatural as the Boom; and my recent experience parallels the wave of despair that swept the nation when the Boom was over.
F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Crack-Up. 1931
Amerikanen, vergeleken met ons fatalistische Europeanen, [blijven]... hele optimistische mensen. Echt, dat vind ik ook fantastisch van ze.
Geert Mak. 3
oktober 2012 bij Pauw en Witteman.
The frontiers were gone – there were no more barbarians. The short gallop of the last great race, the polyglot, the hated and the despised, the crass and scorned, had gone…
F.
Scott Fitzgerald. The Crack-Up. 1931
Ik kan niet zonder hoop, Stan,
dat klinkt misschien wat pathetisch, maar het is toch zo.
Geert Mak. Januari 2012
Mijn
generatie, die zelf in de luwte van de geschiedenis heeft geleefd,
werd door de welvaart niet gedwongen volwassen te worden. De babyboom-generatie
wil eeuwig jong blijven, eeuwig kind, ze wil altijd hoop hebben, zonder ooit precies
te weten op wat. Ze wil in comfort leven en tegelijk humaan lijken. En des te
beklemmender ze het totalitaire
systeem ervaren dat ze zelf heeft helpen opbouwen, des te heftiger ze verlangt naar vrijheid en ongebondenheid. Maar zoals Fitzgerald al acht
decennia geleden zag, toen de massamaatschappij haar definitieve vorm kreeg, zijn
er geen frontiers meer om in te ontsnappen. Het verlangen naar hoop is
inderdaad ‘pathetisch’ omdat deze hoop van een geprivilegieerde generatie vrijblijvend en consequentieloos is. Het enige dat het kwampachtige verlangen aantoont is hoe failliet het systeem is. De revolutionaire filosofe Rosa
Luxemburg schreef in 1915 tijdens de eerste grote industriele slachtpartij die
als de Eerste Wereldoorlog de geschiedenis inging:
We stand before the awful proposition: either the triumph of imperialism and the destruction of all culture, and, as in ancient Rome, depopulation, desolation, degeneration, a cast cemetery; or the victory of socialism, that is the conscious struggle of the proletariat against imperialism… This is the dilemma of world history, its inevitable choice whose scales are trembling the balance… Upon it depends the future of humanity and culture.
Hoewel Rosa Luxemburg niet voorzag dat ‘het proletariaat’ zou veranderen in een massa consumenten, klopt haar voorspelling dat de verwoestingen van het kapitalisme uiteindelijk de mensheid voor een dilemma plaatsen: doorgaan met een parasitair systeem ten koste van mens en natuur of rekening houden met de werkelijkheid door een mutualistisch systeem te ontwikkelen. Irrationaliteit versus Rationaliteit, dat is het centrale probleem in onze cultuur die de Amerikaanse socioloog C. Wright Mills definieerde als ‘Rationality without Reason.’ De in opdracht van Stalin vermoorde revolutionaire theoreticus Leon Trotsky wees er in 1921 op dat
there have existed prolonged periods of stagnation and relapses into barbarism. Societies raise themselves, attain a certain level, and cannot maintain it. Humanity cannot sustain its position, its equilibrium is unstable; a society which cannot advance falls back, and if there is not a class to lead it higher, it ends up by braking down, opening the way to barbarism.
Men hoeft geen communist te zijn om te beseffen dat Trotsky gelijk had. Tegen deze achtergrond is het intense verlangen naar hoop dan ook ‘pathetische’ nonsense. Als een ontwikkeld mens al een taak heeft dan is zijn taak niet om het publiek hoop te verschaffen, dat is het werk van de dominee, maar om het publiek te informeren, de waarheid te laten zien in woord en beeld. Of zoals Geert Mak zelf toegeeft: ‘Nemen wij, chroniqueurs van het heden en verleden, onze taak, het ‘uitbannen van onwaarheid’, serieus genoeg? Zeker in deze tijd? Ik vraag het me af. Op dit moment vindt op Europees en mondiaal niveau een misvorming van de werkelijkheid plaats die grote consequenties heeft.’
the insane logic of capitalist society in the 20th century – the way in which forces of production had turned into forces of destruction, and human creativity been distorted into inhuman horror.
zoals zijn Britse collega Chris Harman in A People’s History of the World het noemt. De twintigste eeuw was de ‘century of barbarity on a scale unknown.’ Auschwitz, Hiroshima en de moderne varianten ervan Vietnam, Irak, Afghanistan, Kongo, etc. moeten verklaard worden. Wat ging er fundamenteel fout met de door ons zo veel geroemde ‘westerse judeo-christelijke beschaving’? En op grond waarvan meent Mak cum suis dat de VS mag claimen de ‘ordebewaker en politieagent’ van de wereld te zijn? Op grond van wat meent de VS nog steeds het recht te hebben om de aarde in een ‘radioactive desert’ te mogen veranderen als het erop aan komt? Wie heeft dat beslist, wanneer en waarom? Wie bepaalt waarom het systeem kan doorgaan met de grootscheepse milieuverwoesting, al dan niet onder aanvoering van Barack Obama, wiens presidentschap 'beter [is] voor Nederland en de internationale gemeenschap'? Althans, volgens Mak. Chris Harman over de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw:
That decade also exposed
terrible new threats alongside the old ones of war and economic slump.
The most dramatic is that of
ecological catastrophe. Class societies have always shown a tendency to place excessive
demands on the environment which sustains their populations. The history of
pre-capitalist class societies was a history, beyond a certain point, of
famines and demographic collapse produced by the sheer burden of maintaining
greedy ruling classes and expensive superstructures. The very economic dynamism
that characterizes capitalism has vastly increased the speed at which negative
ecological consequences make themselves felt…
The spread of capitalism to the
whole world in the 20th century, encompassing six billion or more
people by the end of the century, transformed ecological devastation into a
global problem…
Competition leads to an
incessant search for new, more productive and more profitable forms of
interaction, without regard to their other consequences… By the 1980s, South
Korea alone contained more industrial workers than the whole world had when
Marx and Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto – and it contained millions of
non-industrial wage earners as well… There is nothing magical about workers
under capitalism which enables them to follow some royal road to class
consciousness. The society around them is permeated by capitalist values, and
they take these values for granted. Even their exploitation is organized
through a labour market, where they compete with each other for jobs…
There wass more change to the lives of the great majority of the world’s population in the 20th century than in the whole preceding 5,000 years. Such sheer speed of change meant that again and again people were trying to cope with new situations using ideas that reflected recent experience of very different ones. They had decades to undergo a transformation in their ideas comparable to that which took the bourgeoisie in Europe 600 years.
There wass more change to the lives of the great majority of the world’s population in the 20th century than in the whole preceding 5,000 years. Such sheer speed of change meant that again and again people were trying to cope with new situations using ideas that reflected recent experience of very different ones. They had decades to undergo a transformation in their ideas comparable to that which took the bourgeoisie in Europe 600 years.
Dit proces voert Chris Harman, wiens boek door Howard Zinn werd aangeprezen als ‘an indispensible volume of my reference bookshelf,’ tot de conclusie dat
The ruling classes of the
world, like their predecessors for 5,000 years, will do their utmost to thwart
these attempts and will, if necessary, unleash endless barbarities so as to
hang on to what they regard as their sacred right to power and prosperity. They
will defend the existing capitalist order to the end – even if it is the end of
organized human life.
Hoewel niemand kan voorspellen hoe de toekomst er precies zal uitzien, weten we in elk geval dat ons irrationeel gedrag ingrijpende en deels onvoorziene consequenties zullen hebben. Zolang het neoliberale expansionisme niet aan banden wordt gelegd kan de uitkomst alleen maar rampzalig zijn. Er zullen nieuwe symbolen, idealen, metaforen, mythen verzonnen moeten worden die de oude versleten stereotypen kunnen vervangen. In 1987 schreef de Amerikaanse historicus Wallace Stegner in The American West as Living Space met betrekking tot de complexiteit van dit onderwerp:
I spend this much time on a
mythic figure who has irritated me all my life because I would obviously like
to bury him. But I know I can’t. He is a faster gun than I am. He is too
attractive to the daydreaming imagination. It gets me nowhere to object to the
self-righteous, limited, violent code that governs him, or to disparage the
novels of Louis L’Amour because they are mass-produced with interchangeable
parts, Mr. L’Amour sell in the millions and has readers in the White House.
But what one can say, and be sure of, is that even while the cowboy myth romanticizes and falsifies western life, it says something true about western, and hence about American character.
Western culture and character, hard to define in the first place because they are only half-formed and constantly changing, are further clouded by the mythic stereotype. Why hasn’t the stereotype faded away as real cowboys became less and less typical of western life? Because we can’t or won’t do without it, obviously. But also there is the visible, pervasive fact of western space, which acts as a preservative. Space, itself the product of incorrigible aridity and hence more or less permanent, continues to suggest unrestricted freedom, unlimited opportunity for testings and heroisms, a continuing need for self-reliance and physical competence. The untrammeled indivisualist persists partly as a residue of the real and romantic frontiers, but also partly because runaways from more restricted regions keep reimporting him. The stereotype continues to affect romantic Westerners and non-Westerners in romantic ways…
Toen ik in 2010 de Amerikaanse cultuurcriticus en historicus, de emeritus hoogleraar Geschiedenis Richard Slotkin, interviewde wees deze invloedrijke wetenschapper erop hoe diepgaand de mythes van het Wilde Westen nog steeds het Amerikaanse zelfbeeld beinvloeden. Zijn 850 pagina’s tellende Gunfighter Nation. The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America begint Slotkin met de visie van John Kennedy als voorbeeld van de mythologische kracht van het Wilde Westen. Hoewel Kennedy gezien werd als exponent van de Eastcoast intelligentsia maakte Kennedy al tijdens zijn nominatie in Los Angeles als Democratische kandidaat onmiddellijk duidelijk waar hij politiek en cultureel stond zodra hij president zou zijn. Richard Slotkin:
The signature Kennedy and his
advisers settled on was ‘The New Frontier.’ The choice seems an odd one for a candidate identified with
the culture, politics, and ideological concerns of the urban centers of the
eastern seaboard. Wild West metaphors invoked traditions that seem better
suited to Eisenhower, known as a fan of pulp Westerns, and to the Republican
Party, which identified itself with the ‘rugged individualism’ associated with
the Frontier. Yet Kennedy was able to make ‘New Frontier’ seem an appropriate
and credible way of describing the spirit of this campaign and the style of the
administration that followed it.
On that first night, Kennedy
asked his audience to see him as a new kind of frontiersman confronting a
different sort of wilderness:
‘I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. From the lands that stretch 3000 miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comfort and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the West… [But] the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats… For the harsh facts of the matter are that we stand on this frontier at a turning point in history.’
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